Evaluation of N-acetylcysteine and glutathione as quenching agents for the analysis of halogenated disinfection by-products

Disinfection by-products (DBPs), formed from the reactions of disinfectants with natural organic matter and halides in drinking water, were considered to be cytotoxic and genotoxic, and might trigger various cancers. The relatively low concentration of DBPs in finished water (low µg/L or even ng/L levels) and the interference from water matrix inhibited in situ determination of DBPs. Moreover, the further formation and degradation of DBPs by disinfectants during the holding time (several hours to several days) from sample collection to analysis could adversely affect the determination of DBPs. To obtain accurate, precise and reliable data of DBP occurrence and formation, robust and reliable sample preservation is indispensable. However, the commonly used quenching agents (e.g., sodium sulfite, sodium thiosulfate, and ascorbic acid) for sample preservation can decompose reactive DBPs by reductive dehalogenation. This study evaluated the performance of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and glutathione (GSH) as quenching agents for the analysis of halogenated DBPs by investigating the stoichiometry of the disinfectant-quenching agent reaction, the formation of DBPs during chlor(am)ination of NAC or GSH, and the effects of NAC or GSH on the stability of 18 individual DBPs and total organic halogen (TOX). Based on the results of this study, NAC and GSH were considered to be ideal quenching agents for the analysis of most DBPs and TOX, except halonitromethanes.     

Al-Zn-In系牺牲阳极在间浸环境中的性能研究

目的探究4种常用Al-Zn-In系牺牲阳极(Al-Zn-In、Al-Zn-In-Cd、Al-Zn-In-Mg-Ti、Al-Zn-In-Mg-Ga-Mn)在海水间浸环境中的电化学性能。方法采用恒电流法对4种阳极的开路电位、工作电位、实际电容量、电流效率及溶解形貌等进行研究,并结合电化学阻抗谱、动电位极化曲线等方法进行分析。结果在间浸环境中,Al-Zn-In、Al-Zn-In-Mg-Ti、Al-Zn-In-Mg-Ga-Mn的电流效率均在88.92%以上,3种阳极的工作电位在-0.96~-1.10 V波动,能满足碳钢在间浸环境中的保护需要。Al-Zn-In-Mg-Ga-Mn阳极溶解形貌均匀,Al-Zn-In和Al-Zn-In-Mg-Ti阳极溶解形貌略差。Al-Zn-In-Cd阳极电流效率仅为80.95%,工作电位在-0.93~-1.10 V波动,溶解形貌不均匀,电化学性能最差。研究发现,Al-Zn-In-Cd阳极表面附着的腐蚀产物多次在空气环境中脱水,并形成壳层,导致电位正移,阻碍阳极的进一步活化。结论在间浸环境中,4种阳极的电化学性能由好到差依次为Al-Zn-In-Mg-Ga-Mn阳极、Al-Zn-In阳极、Al-Zn-In-Mg-Ti阳极、Al-Zn-In-Cd阳极,前3种阳极适用于间浸环境中海洋结构物的阴极保护。     

淋洗剂在重金属污染土壤修复中的研究进展

针对镉/铅等一类重金属污染土壤、砷污染土壤,以及镉-铅-砷等复合污染土壤（三类不同重金属污染土壤）,就淋洗剂在污染土壤修复中的选用等问题进行综述.总的来看,对于镉/铅等一类重金属污染土壤,螯合剂的去除率较高.如GLDA（谷氨酸N,N-二乙酸）和柠檬酸等,不仅去除率高,而且环境较友好对于砷污染土壤,复合淋洗剂的去除效果比较显著,如NaOH-EDTA对As的去除率较高对于镉-铅-砷等复合污染土壤,复合淋洗剂则更能发挥其所含各类淋洗剂的优势.如NaOH-H₃PO₄与单一淋洗剂相比,对土壤中多种重金属的去除率均较高.笔者认为,同时对土壤中多种重金属均有较高去除率且二次污染较小的复合淋洗剂将是未来的研究重点.     

化学药剂抑尘方法的工业应用

论述了化学药剂抑尘方法的工业应用,大量的试验测试数据表明:该除尘方法投资省、运营费用低、除尘效果好、简单易操作。     

铝基牺牲阳极材料污损失效概述

结合国内外以往海洋生物污损和铝基牺牲阳极服役情况的调查,综述了铝基牺牲阳极材料污损失效的研究进展,介绍并分析了污损生物导致铝基牺牲阳极失效的原因.针对污损失效现象尚无有效防护技术的现状,结合以往的海洋生物污损控制方法,探讨了牺牲阳极污损失效的防护技术,为牺牲阳极污损失效的研究及控制提供参考.     

叶轮气浮机用浮选剂研究

采用阳离子聚合物的表面活性剂作浮选剂，能增强气泡与絮粒的粘附能力，提高气浮分离效果，用该浮选剂对南充炼油厂的南阳油田稠油污水进行处理，去浊率达到９０％左右，处理效果与美国埃克森公司产３３９０浮选剂相当。     

某炼钢厂净、浊循环系统水质稳定配方相互影响的研究

通过对照实验,研究了净循环系统中A系列药剂缓蚀、阻垢的效果,以及循环系统中加入A、B两系列药剂对缓蚀、阻垢的影响,说明了在B系列药剂存在的循环系统中加入A系列药剂,其缓蚀、阻垢效果基本上不产生相互影响.     

Reaction of ortho-methoxybenzoic acid with the water disinfecting agents ozone, chlorine and sodium hypochlorite

Ozone, chlorine and sodium hypochlorite are commonly used as disinfecting agents for drinking water production. The reaction pathways of ozonation and chlorination of o-methoxybenzoic acid in aqueous solution were studied using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results show that less than 1% of o-methoxybenzoic acid remains in reaction. The final major products using ozone oxidation are oxalic and glyoxalic acids. Phenols appear only at insufficient ozone levels. Sodium hypochlorite leads to higher levels of primary products. Molecular chlorine leads to the formation of higher amounts of polychlorinated derivatives. Model experiments allow to propose schemes of o-methoxybenzoic acid transformation under the conditions simulating water treatment processes.     

Determination of chemical warfare agents

Ethylarsine dichloride was used during WW I as a chemical warfare agent. Residues of this chemical warfare agent and its metabolites are still present today and continue to contaminate soil and water. A gas Chromatographic method for the detection and determination of ethylarsine dichloride is shown. Six dithiols were tested as possible derivatization reagents for ethylarsine dichloride. With selection of the dithiol, matrix interferences can be eliminated because of the different retention times of the derivatives.     

Destruction of diphenylarsine chloride (CLARK I) with activated ozone

The new technology of Plasmazon® uses the extremely strong oxidation of radicals to break up the compocunds of organic connections, e.g. chemical warfare agents like Clark I. In making a comparison of oxidation to normal ozone, the factor of the Plasmazon® -technology is available up to 10³. The investigation in an experimental test shows that it is possible to destroy the warfare agent character of Clark I. As the possibility of a large-lot application this technology is the method of choice for other chemical or biological warfare agents.